Research

“Among sections of the same course, tutor access reduced final grades by 0.37 standard deviations and learning management system participation by 0.90 standard deviations.”

“We found that access to the AI tutor negatively affected student final course grades by 0.27–0.37 standard deviations (SDs), with the clearest evidence in the exact-match sample.”

“the estimated final-grade losses among first-generation students were more than twice those among continuing-generation students in both samples”

“AI students progressed more slowly and attempted fewer questions, but answered more accurately conditional on reaching an attempt. The clearest mechanism appeared after mistakes: AI improved next-attempt correctness”

“Mastery increased three-correct-in-a-row attainment but did not by itself improve delayed learning.”

“The most encouraging delayed-test evidence appears when AI is embedded in the mastery workflow, with marginally significant gains concentrated on practiced Exercise 1 material.”

“Assignment raises math achievement by 1.3 national percentile ranks per term, or about 0.06 to 0.08 standard deviations over a school year; the implied effect of a full year of active participation reaches 0.14 standard deviations.”

“These gains resemble those from Khan Academy practice without AI assistance.”

“96 percent of students tried Khanmigo at least once, but the median student messaged it on only a third of the days they practiced, and in only 17 percent of the exercise sessions in which they made a mistake.”

“Students remain receptive over time, and impacts are concentrated in improved completion of time-sensitive administrative tasks, with no detectable effects on academic performance or persistence.”

“We find no statistically significant difference in enrollment and persistence between students in the treatment and control groups”

“We find that centralized ownership and flexible communication are critical for sustainability.”

“For the first time, more than half of administrators, faculty, and students use AI at least weekly, with daily GenAI use at its highest point since Spring 2023 (43% of administrators, 32% of students, and 25% of faculty).”

“Only 13% of faculty at institutions that ban AI entirely say their policy is effective, versus 30% where AI is integrated into assignments.”

“Just 32% of administrators report an institution-wide AI policy, and where one exists, only 22% of faculty believe it's effective compared to 44% of administrators.”

“The share of students in middle school grades and up who reported using AI for help with their homework increased from 48 percent in May 2025 to 62 percent in December 2025.”

“As of December 2025, 67 percent of students endorsed the statement "The more students use AI for their schoolwork, the more it will harm their critical thinking skills"”

“With the exception of using AI to get answers for homework, most students did not feel that their use of AI for other school-related purposes constituted cheating.”

“Of the 20 states we examined, they commonly provide professional learning opportunities (18 of 20), leverage partnerships to support AI goals (17 of 20), issue guidance (16 of 20), and pilot AI strategies or tools (11 of 20).”

“Sixteen of 20 have issued AI guidance, all of which is non-binding”

“In 19 of the 20 states (95%) in the database, legislatures introduced at least one AI-related bill in 2024 or 2025 that involved K-12 education and/or impacted the SEA.”

“we find that at this point in its trajectory, the risks of utilizing generative AI in children’s education overshadow its benefits. This is largely because the risks of AI differ in nature from its benefits—that is, these risks undermine children’s foundational development”

“Overreliance on AI tools and platforms can put children and youth’s fundamental learning capacity at risk.”

“Procure technology that protects students’ privacy, safety, and security.”

“Only 15% of students say AI is integrated into many of their courses, while 43% say it appears in a few. Another 43% say they have not experienced any AI integration in their courses.”

“Faculty intent to use AI has declined by 9 percentage points, from 76% in 2025 to 67% in 2026.”

“60% of students globally worry that their classmates might misuse AI for unfair advantage, rising to 73% in US & Canada.”

“Only 29% of students believe their instructors are well equipped to guide them on AI use. In the US & Canada, this number is considerably lower at 17%.”

“The SREB Commission on AI in Education has approved 12 final recommendations to help states, schools and colleges as they adopt artificial intelligence tools.”

“States should regularly review, and revise if necessary, their educational technology safety policies to ensure that minors are protected from harm related to AI use.”

“States should integrate AI knowledge and skills into K-12 standards and curricula”

“Our Early Adopters database has nearly doubled in a year, from 40 to 79 districts.”

“this year, we see more than a third (37%) implementing five or more strategies”

“Only a quarter (27%) share information about AI courses, and just six districts (8%) communicate any adjustments to learning standards.”

“85 percent of teachers report they have used AI in at least one way in their classroom in the past school year (2024-25), and 86 percent of students say they have used AI for either school or personal use.”

“Teachers and students who report many school-related uses are also more likely to report exposure to risks like:”

“As a friend/companion 42%”

“Almost half of teachers and students report that they have received some training or information about AI from someone at their school, and most found it helpful.”

“In 2025, 54 percent of students and 53 percent of English language arts, math, and science teachers indicated that they used AI for school.”

“Sixty-one percent of parents, 48 percent of middle schoolers, 55 percent of high schoolers, and only 22 percent of district leaders agreed that greater use of AI will harm students’ critical-thinking skills.”

“As of spring 2025, 35 percent of district leaders reported that they provide students with training on AI.”

“Forty-five percent of principals reported having school or district policies or guidance on the use of AI in schools, and 34 percent of teachers reported having school or district policies on the use of AI related to academic integrity.”

“Seventy-two percent of teens have used AI companions at least once, and over half (52%) qualify as regular users who interact with these platforms at least a few times a month.”

“Among AI companion users, 33% have chosen to discuss important or serious matters with AI companions instead of real people”

“One-third of users experience discomfort with AI companions.”

“About 80% of the districts we studied fell into the first two categories of Dabblers and Emerging Users”

“Two challenges stood out most prominently: data privacy and sustainable funding, each cited by more than a third (35%) of respondents as posing “considerable” or “extreme” difficulty.”

“80% of surveyed districts that operate in states without guidance (at the time of this survey) reported the lack of state guidance as an “extremely difficult” barrier”

“having GPT-4 access while solving problems significantly improves performance (48% improvement in grades for GPT Base and 127% for GPT Tutor)”

“on the exam, students in the GPT Base arm perform statistically significantly worse than students in the control arm by 17%; this negative effect is essentially eradicated in the GPT Tutor arm, though we still do not observe a positive effect.”

“we find evidence that students do not perceive any reduction in their learning or subsequent performance as a consequence of copying solutions”

“At least five states have implemented or are in the process of developing pilot programs to foster integration and responsible use in the classroom.”

“Of the teachers who participated, 53% indicated that their experience was either positive or very positive.”

“The Iowa Department of Education announced a $3 million investment to provide all Iowa elementary schools (public and nonpublic) with an AI reading tutor tool”

“In the 2024-25 school year, six in 10 teachers reported using an AI tool for their work.”

“Teachers who use AI tools at least weekly estimate they save 5.9 hours per week, on average. Over the course of a 37.4-week school year, these time savings add up to the equivalent of six weeks per school year .”

“schools with an AI policy are earning an AI dividend that is 26% greater than schools without an AI policy (2.3 vs. 1.7 hours saved per week per teacher).”

“most teachers (68%) have not engaged in any training provided by their school or district on how to use AI or AI tools.”

“Fast forward to April 2025, and at least 28 states have published guidance on AI in K-12 settings.”

“As of April 1, 2025, only one AI-related education bill has been enacted this year: Mississippi ’s S.B. 2426 , which creates a state AI task force.”

“Task force reports from Arkansas ( 2025 ), Georgia ( 2024 ) and Illinois ( 2024 ) highlight similar priorities like creating curricular frameworks for AI literacy, investing in educator professional development”

“daily or weekly use up to 40% among administrators (from 2% in spring 2023), 30% among instructors (from 4% in spring 2023), and 42% among students in spring 2025 (from 14% in spring 2023)”

“Preventing student cheating and increasing student attendance are the top instructional challenges among instructors teaching introductory or developmental courses (45% and 44%, respectively)”

“Instructor preference for in-person teaching jumped to 64%, up from 55% in 2023.”

“EEG revealed significant differences in brain connectivity: Brain-only participants exhibited the strongest, most distributed networks; Search Engine users showed moderate engagement; and LLM users displayed the weakest connectivity.”

“In the LLM ‑ assisted group, 83.3 % of participants (15/18) failed to provide a correct quotation, whereas only 11.1 % (2/18) in both the Search ‑ Engine and Brain ‑ Only groups encountered the same difficulty.”

“Self-reported ownership of essays was the lowest in the LLM group and the highest in the Brain-only group.”

“The median learning gains for students, relative to the pre-test baseline (M = 2.75, N = 316), in the AI-tutored group were over double”

“While the linear regression suggests an effect size of 0.63, this is an underestimation due to ceiling effect”

“70% of students in the AI group spent less than 60 minutes on task, while 30% spent more than 60 minutes on task. The median time on task for students in the AI group was 49 minutes.”

“The intervention demonstrated a significant improvement of 0.31 standard deviation on an assessment that included English topics aligned with the Nigerian curriculum, knowledge of artificial intelligence and digital skills.”

“We calculate an ITT effect of being selected for the program on the performance in the third-term exam of 0.21 standard deviations.”

“with an effect size of approximately 0.031 standard deviation per additional day of attendance”

“In fall 2024, 48 percent of districts reported that they had trained teachers on the use of AI, which is a substantial, 25-percentage-point increase from the percentage of districts that reported implementing training on AI in fall 2023.”

“By fall 2024, 67 percent of low-poverty districts reported having provided training for teachers on AI use, compared with 42 percent of middle-poverty districts and 39 percent of high-poverty districts.”

“In interviews, district leaders said that they focused initial teacher trainings on addressing teachers' fear and discomfort with AI rather than jumping right into instructional tools.”

“Most Gen Zers (79%) say they use generative artificial intelligence products, including 47% who do so on a weekly basis”

“Gen Zers are also more than twice as likely to say AI will harm, rather than help, their critical thinking skills (49% to 22%).”

“just 28% of students say their school explicitly permits the use of artificial intelligence, while nearly half (49%) say their school does not have clear policies regarding AI.”

“Despite 81% of CS teachers agreeing that using AI and learning about AI should be included in a foundational CS learning experience, less than half of high school CS teachers felt equipped to teach AI.”

“Student participation varies by state, race/ethnicity, school size, geography, income, gender, and disability.”

“Graduates who earned their master’s degree in AI in the U.S. nearly doubled between 2022 and 2023.”

“The proportion of respondents reporting that their institution has AI-related AUPs increased from 23% last year to 39% this year”

“Only 9% of respondents reported that their institution's cybersecurity and privacy policies are adequate for addressing AI-related risks to the institution.”

“Teaching and learning is the functional area at the institution most focused on using AI, with particular focus on the areas of academic integrity (74%), coursework (65%), assessment practices (54%), and curriculum design (54%).”

“one-quarter of ELA, math, and science teachers used AI tools for instructional planning or teaching in the 2023–2024 school year. Nearly 60 percent of surveyed American School Leader Panel principals also reported using AI tools for their work in 2023–2024.”

“almost 40 percent of ELA or science teachers reported using AI compared with 20 percent of general elementary education or math teachers.”

“Eighteen percent of principals reported that their schools or districts provided guidance on the use of AI by staff, teachers, or students.”

“The survey revealed widespread concerns about students' ability to critically evaluate AI-generated outputs, with 83% of faculty members expressing concern.”

“Over half of faculty (54%) believe current student evaluation methods are no longer adequate in the age of AI, with 13% calling for an urgent, complete revamp.”

“only 4% of faculty are fully aware of their institutional AI guidelines and feel they are fully comprehensive. Just 6% fully agree that their institutions have provided sufficient resources to train faculty's AI literacy.”

“The share of teens who say they use ChatGPT for their schoolwork has risen to 26%, according to a Pew Research Center survey of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17. That’s up from 13% in 2023.”

“Black and Hispanic teens (31% each) are more likely than White teens (22%) to say they have used ChatGPT for their schoolwork.”

“18% say it’s acceptable to use ChatGPT to write essays, and 42% say it’s not acceptable.”

“Seventy-one percent of respondents said decision-making and AI initiatives are overwhelmingly led by college or university administrations”

“Respondents were overwhelmingly concerned with student plagiarism made possible by generative AI. Ninety-one percent noted that they were at least somewhat concerned about preventing academic dishonesty.”

“AI has generally led to at least somewhat worse outcomes for the teaching environment (according to 62 percent of respondents), pay equity (30 percent), job enthusiasm (76 percent), academic freedom (40 percent), and student success (69 percent).”

“ChatGPT group outperformed in the essay score improvement but their knowledge gain and transfer were not significantly different.”

“learners who received different learning support showed no difference in post-task intrinsic motivation; 2) there were significant differences in the frequency and sequences of the self-regulated learning processes among groups”

“Of the 40 school systems we studied, 26 (65%) have provided publicly available guidance to staff, students, and families on using AI.”

“The most common strategies include using AI-enabled tools for key stakeholders (teachers, students, and parents at 70%, 58%, and 38%, respectively) and providing professional development opportunities (63%).”

“These 40 school systems collectively endorse or partner with 65 tools”

“students whose tutors used Tutor CoPilot were 4 percentage points more likely to master mathematics topics (p<.01)”

“lower-rated tutors experienced a 9 p.p. increase in students passing their exit ticket (56%→ 65%student passing rate from control to treatment). In Figure 2b, less experienced tutors showed a 7 p.p. increase (61%→ 68%).”

“Analysis of more than 350,000 messages indicates that Tutor CoPilot promotes effective pedagogy, increasing probing questions and reducing generic praise.”

“Only about 25% of programs surveyed provide training on ways that AI can support new ways of teaching”

“only 10% of the education school leaders surveyed reported that their faculty members are confident in using AI, and most do not use it in their instruction.”

“More than two-thirds of survey respondents reported that their institutions have no policies around AI tool use”

“while 70% of teens say they have used at least one type of gen AI tool”

“37% of teens are not sure whether their school has gen AI rules.”

“Black teens are more than twice as likely as White or Latino teens to say that teachers flagged their schoolwork as being created by generative AI when it was not (20% vs. 7% and 10%, respectively).”

“The large majority of parents of teens (83%) say that their child's school has not communicated with them about”

“39.5% when evaluating unmanipulated AI-generated content. Importantly, regarding the human-written control samples, only 67% of the tests were accurate”

“Results show significant reductions in detector accuracy (17.4%) when faced with simple techniques to manipulate the AI generated content.”

“they cannot currently be recommended for determining academic integrity violations due to accuracy limitations and the potential for false accusation which undermines inclusive and fair assessment practices.”

“Although 20 of 21 students completed the assigned programming problem, our findings show an unfortunate divide in the use of GenAI tools between students who accelerated and students who struggled.”

“struggling students often expressed cognitive dissonance about their problem solving ability, thought they performed better than they did, and finished with an illusion of competence.”

“Students with better grades and higher self-efficacy were more likely to use GenAI tools to accelerate towards a solution”

“86% of students globally are regularly using AI in their studies, with 54% of them using AI on a weekly basis”

“58% reported that they do not feel that they had sufficient AI knowledge and skills, and 48% do not feel adequately prepared for an AI-enabled workplace.”

“only 5% of students indicated that they were fully aware of AI guidelines and feel that they are fully comprehensive”

“Through listening sessions, the Department learned that one key recommendation in the 2023 AI Report, “Prioritize Strengthening Trust,” resonated with developers as a call to action.”

“We categorized these concerns and organized this guide around five key overarching areas of shared responsibility”

“This guide provides non-regulatory, education-specific guidance that is aligned with federal guidelines and guardrails.”

“A large majority (72 percent) of instructors have experimented with using generative AI as an instructional tool. Yet while instructors are using generative AI in many different ways, no individual use case has become particularly well established.”

“only 14 percent agreed or strongly agreed they feel confident in their ability to use generative AI in their instruction.”

“Overall, 42 percent of instructors completely prohibit their students from using generative AI”

“We find that only the ChatGPT condition produces statistically significant learning gains compared to a no-help control, with no statistically significant differences in gains or time-on-task observed between learners receiving ChatGPT vs human tutor help.”

“Notably, ChatGPT-generated help failed quality checks on 32% of problems. This was, however, reducible to nearly 0% for algebra problems and 13% for statistics problems after applying self-consistency”

“A quarter of public K-12 teachers say using AI tools in K-12 education does more harm than good. About a third (32%) say there is about an equal mix of benefit and harm, while only 6% say it does more good than harm. Another 35% say they aren’t sure.”

“About a third of high school teachers (35%) say these tools do more harm than good. Roughly a quarter of middle school teachers (24%) and 19% of elementary school teachers say the same.”

“Among teens who have heard of ChatGPT, 19% say they have used it to help them with schoolwork.”

“As of fall 2023, 18 percent of K–12 teachers reported using AI for teaching and another 15 percent have tried AI at least once.”

“The most common ways that teachers used AI tools were to adapt instructional content to fit the level of their students and to generate materials.”

“By the end of the 2023–2024 school year, 60 percent of districts plan to have trained teachers about AI use. Urban districts were the least likely to deliver such training.”

“In interviews, leaders described focusing more on increasing teachers' AI use and less on crafting student use policy, primarily because they saw the potential for AI to make teachers' jobs easier.”

“Eighty five percent of teachers say that their school has a policy that either generally permits (subject to some conditions or limits) or bans the use of ChatGPT, or other generative AI tools, for schoolwork.”

“Sixty eight percent of teachers report using an AI content detection tool regularly, a 30 percentage point increase since last school year.”

“Since last school year, student discipline as a result of generative AI use has increased 16 percentage points”

“We find that the math growth scores were substantially higher for the treatment group and statistically significant (p < 0.001). The effect size of 0.36 is considered large in the context of educational interventions”

“the marginal cost of providing Rori is approximately $5 per student”

“Only 11% of respondents said that nobody at their institution is working on AI-related strategy.”

“A majority of respondents (78%) indicated that AI has impacted academic integrity.”

“Only 18% of respondents said their AI-related policies are somewhat or extremely restrictive—for example, banning student or faculty use.”

“Detection tools for AI-generated text do fail, they are neither accurate nor reliable (all scored below 80% of accuracy and only 5 over 70%).”

“Six of the fourteen tools tested generated false positives, with the risk increasing dramatically for machine-translated texts.”

“for manually edited texts (case 05-ManEd) the ratio of undetected texts increases to approx. 50% and in the case of machine-paraphrased texts (case 06-Para) rises even higher.”

“While the detectors accurately classified the US student essays, they incorrectly labeled more than half of the TOEFL essays as "AI-generated" (average false-positive rate: 61.3%).”

“This intervention significantly reduced misclassification, with the average false-positive rate dropping by 49.7% (from 61.3% to 11.6%).”

“upon prompting ChatGPT to self-edit its text with more literary language (prompt: "Elevate the provided text by employing literary language"), detection rates plummeted to near zero”

“Through a series of four listening sessions conducted in June and August 2022 and attended by more than 700 attendees, it became clear that constituents believe that action is required now in order to get ahead of the expected increase of AI in education technology”

“Building on this consensus, we call upon all constituents to adopt “humans in the loop” as a key criterion for educational use of AI.”

“With technology growing in complexity at such a rapid pace, it is becoming difficult for local leaders to make informed decisions about the deployment of artificial intelligence.”